Peran Fisika Terapan dalam Pengembangan Teknologi Energi Bersih dan Berkelanjutan (2021–2025)

This article examines the role of applied physics in advancing clean and sustainable energy technologies during 2021–2025. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with narrative synthesis, the study integrates recent scientific literature, international energy reports, standards-based governance references, and simulated trend indicators to illustrate technology progress. The synthesis shows that applied physics contributes directly to higher photovoltaic conversion efficiency (via semiconductor and optics engineering), safer and cheaper energy storage (through electrochemistry and materials science), improved wind and geothermal performance (via fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and geophysics), and more stable grid integration (via power electronics and control). Cost and performance improvements observed globally align with pathways highlighted by climate mitigation assessments, while national electricity planning in Indonesia increasingly emphasizes renewable generation and storage. The study concludes that applied physics is a foundational enabler of clean-energy scale-up, provided that innovation is coupled with robust deployment systems, grid readiness, and risk-managed governance.